Laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations for direct temporal structure measurements of atto- and femtosecond XUV pulses

• 来源期刊: 中国物理（英文版）
• 关键词: laser-phase determination transfer equation temporal structure photoelectron spectrum
• 年，卷（期）: 2006,（12）
• 页码范围: 2909-2919
• 页数: 11页
• 语种: 英文

摘要

In this paper the laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations are presented to directly reconstruct the detailed temporal structures of ultra-short extreme ultraviolet (xuv) pulses from the measured photoelectron energy spectra (PES). Each transfer equation includes one of PID (proportional-integral-differential) terms of PES. The intensity and instantaneous frequency of attosecond xuv can be retrieved from the integral term of PES. The intensity profiles of narrow bandwidth atto- and femtosecond xuvs can be rebuilt from the proportional and differential terms of PES respectively. The methods and equations 05 bc used to improve time resolutions in measuring ultrashort pulses.