BACKGROUND:Human-mammal chimeric liver chimera has been a vital significance for the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s.<br> OBJECTIVE:To establish an animal model of human-rhesus chimeric liver using adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s.<br> METHODS:Adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s were isolated, purified and cultured for the sixth generation. The number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s was no less than 5×108. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s labeled with green fluorescent protein were transplanted into the liver of the embryo rhesus with pregnancy of 10 weeks under guided by type-B ultrasound. At the 1st and 3rd months of birth, the liver tissue of the infant rhesus was taken for biopsy. After routine pathological section, histological specimens were observed under fluorescence microscope to confirm if there were adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s positive for green fluorescent protein and their distribution, and detected by immunohistochemical staining to identify if human albumin expressed in the liver of infant rhesus.<br> RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Fluorescence microscope observation indicated that at the 1st and 3rd months after birth, there were surviving bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s derived from human with green fluorescence in the liver of infant rhesus, and these cel s migrated to form more concentrated distribution. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated that functional liver cel s expressing human albumin were observed in the liver of infant rhesus at the 1st and 3rd months after birth, and their distribution was in accordance with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s with green fluorescence. Human-rhesus chimeric liver can be established using adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s, which can generate functional liver cel s in the liver of infant rhesus.