Integrated pest management (IPM) has long been considered a profit-and product (or technology)-driven multidisciplinary research field that maximizes crop yield and minimizes pest-inflicted economic losses.The introduction of transgenic crops has revolutionized crop protection and IPM by combining crop protection and genetics into one entity-the seed.Before the arrival of transgenic technology,studies of insect-plant interactions were frequently categorized under the field of ecology,and IPM programs were then the product of applied ecological research on suppressing pest populations in crop or livestock production.