Water environmental capacity is the important basis to set local and professional emission standards for waters,and is also the work basis of ecological planning. Firstly,the general information of river system in Shennongjia was introduced. Then,the concept and general model of water environmental capacity were elaborated. Finally,we used the analytical solution to estimate the water environmental capacities of COD and NH3-N in Shennongjia,and concrete measures for water environmental protection were put forward.