Piano performance is a combination of physical and mental exercise. If there is no correct playing habit or good playing method, it is easy to lead to diseases which are called occupational diseases medically. These occupational diseases will directly affect the pianists’ performance state or even make them unable to play. This paper analyses the causes of tenosynovitis, ligament strain, thumb disease, neuromuscular pain and shoulder neuritis or neuralgia, and explains the methods of reducing or eliminating the diseases combining with cases, in the hope of giving some help to piano-playing patients with their occupational diseases.