A healthy diet combined with increased physical activity levels may protect against cerebrovascular dysfunction and cognitive impairments (Gorelick et al., 2011). Compared with the number of studies on the effects of physical activity, studies on how diet affects cerebral blood flow (CBF) regulation and cognitive function are relatively limited. Here, we focus on the potential role of dietary nitrate supplementation in CBF regulation and cognitive function under normoxic and hypoxic conditions.