A sustainable society requires an increase in electrified vehicles (xEVs) with a low environmental impact.Among various types of xEVs, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have received considerable research attention.However,several limitations, such as their limited cruising range (battery capacity), battery safety, and performance degradation (battery life), have delayed the widespread usage of BEVs.Furthermore,improving battery durability becomes necessary as BEVs are used in environments that cause battery degradation, such as acceleration/deceleration, rapid charging, as well as in wide temperature ranges (from-40 ℃ to 80 ℃).Hence, understanding of the degradation factors of LIBs can improve battery durability.