Perovskite-based optoelectronic devices using organic-inorganic, metal halide, hybrid thin films have revolutionized the pathway towards constructing more efficient and stable photovoltaics and light-emitting electronics [1,2].Nevertheless, solutionprocessed polycrystalline perovskite films inevitably contain a high density of crystallographic or ionic defects, such as uncoordinated ions, dangling bonds and halide vacancies at surfaces and/or grain boundaries, which results in undesirable charge recombination via non-radiative channels, thus impairing the device performance and imposing great challenge for long-term deployment.