The survival and development of human society highly depends on the water availability.Driven by the growth of population and economy,global water demand has increased more than eightfold since the 1900s.Meanwhile,the commonly deteriorated freshwa-ter quality cause a large proportion of available water resources unsuitable for human uses.This inter-coupled challenge of insuffi-cient water quantity and inadequate water quality has rendered water scarcity a widespread problem in many parts of the world.