Searching for a renewable energy system is always the goal to fulfill sustainable deve-lopment for the future.Water oxidation is considered as a crucial reaction to attain sustainable energy systems.Inspired by the biological Mn4CaO5 cluster,considerable effort has been devoted to deve-loping highly efficient Mn-based heterogeneous catalysts and exploring intrinsic mechanism for water oxidation.This review begins with describing the structural characteristics of the Mn4CaO5 cluster and the proposed catalytic cycle.Then,the structural characteristics of synthetic Mn-based heterogeneous catalyst are summarized,with emphasis on the understanding of reaction mechanisms and the rate-determining steps.Finally,the strategy of understanding the catalytic mechanism of Mn-based water oxidation is prospected.