Illuminating conditions are crucial factors affecting the microalgal growth and biosynthesis. The effects of illuminating spectral quality on the growth and bio-component production of Nannochloris oculata were investigated. The results indicated that a high proportion of Red-light enhanced the pigments and carbohydrate production but reduced those of the biomass and lipid. Mono- chromatic Blue-light has advantageous effects on lipid production compared with Red- and White-light. The optimal light spectrum for the protein production was the combination of Red- and Blue-light at a ratio of 4:3 or 5:2. Among the seven fatty acids identified from N. oculata, the contents of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:3(n-3) in the lipid were inhibited by the increased proportion of Red-light while those of C18:2(n-9), C16:2(n-6), and C20:0 were inhibited by Blue-light. Monochromatic Red- and Blue-light and their com-binations were proposed as a promising illuminating strategy for the large-scale cultivation aiming for various bio-components.