Bulk thanks to their characteristics of being environmentally benign,easily fabricated and relatively stable,dyesensitized solar cells(DSSCs)have attracted attention over decades as a potential alternative to solar energy conversion[1].However,as L.M.Peter pointed out in 2011,'although much more is now known about the physical and chemical processes taking place during operation of the DSSCs,the exponential increase in research effort during this period has not been matched by large increases in efficiency'[2].To date,