Glories in the history of civilization are built on the burning of non-renewable fossil fuels. In the last fifty years, the global pop-ulation increased over twice, from 3.0 billion in 1960 to 7.3 billion in 2015, and the global GDP increased over 50 times, from 1.4 trillion US $ in 1960 to 74.2 trillion US $ in 2015. Along with the evolution of humanity is the skyrocketing fossil fuel consumptions, from 3514.2 millions of tonnes of oil equivalent/year (mtoe/y) in 1965 to 11,306.4 mtoe/y in 2015, as well as the irreversible climate changes damaged by the fossil fuel combustion: the atmosphere CO2 con-centration increased over 100 ppm and the global mean surface temperature increased by ~1℃ over the past century, no need to mention the release of more poisonous NOx, SOx, heavy metals, and volatile organic compounds. Sustainability is now showing up as one of the top challenges for the survival of human being that calls for the attention of governments, industry, and academy.