As a big agricultural country, the People's Republic of China has experienced a series of natural disasters since its founding, such as the 1959–1961 Great Famine, the 1998 floods and the 2008 snowstorm. Here we present a dataset summarizing four categories of meteorological disaster-affected area at provincial level in China from 1949 to 2015: mildly-affected area, moderately-affected area, heavily-affected area, and total affected area. Based on crop-planting data and natural disaster data, grain losses are also evaluated by using a grain loss assessment model. The dataset plays an important role in the future prediction, prevention, and reduction of agro-meteorological disasters.