Contemporary media are a dominant form of communication that empower messengers who influence audience perceptions of the world.Considering the effects of the media and extreme divisions in contemporary social and political discourse in the US,understanding the differences between facts and opinions is of special significance.During an interview with the author,Richard Lanigan(2001)explained the concept of the interpretant and the semiotics of how people learn,and develop codes of behavior.This previously unpublished interview provides comments that help clarify important issues in relation to the media.Focusing on established semiotic principles,this essay explores a basic understanding of recent neurological science that provocatively appears to be consistent with semiotics,and that can be applied to a better understanding of the effects of media.