Based on the population census data,this paper analyzed the influencing factors and urbanization effects of the floating population in Anhui Province using ArcGIS spatial analysis,factor analysis,multiple liner regression,and spatial autocorrelation,and reached the following conclusions:① From 2000 to 2010,the floating population in Anhui Province was concentrated in cities dotted the Huai River and the Yangtze River,and Hefei City absorbed the most inter-provincial floating population and intra-provincial floating population.② The overall economic strength had the greatest impact on attracting floating population,while the income level factor has less impact on attracting floating population.The overall economic strength and the strength of science,education,culture,and health of prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province were more attractive to the intra-provincial floating population and less attractive to the inter-provincial floating population.③ Population mobility promoted urbanization.Large cities could attract more migrants from counties.The urban population system in Anhui Province was generally developing towards the concentration of large cities,while the proportion of the county population in the total population was decreased.