Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses:HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2

• 作者: Viviana Scoca Francesca Di Nunzio
• 来源期刊: 分子细胞生物学报（英文版）
• 年，卷（期）: 2021,（4）
• 所属期刊栏目: Reviews
• 页码范围: 259-268
• 页数: 10页
• 语种: 英文
• DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab020

摘要

Viruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells.Specifically,viruses learned to usurp liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS),a newly exploited mechanism,used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes.LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless orpnelles (MLOs),which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet.This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes,excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs.Another older pandemic virus,HIV-1,also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle.Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins,breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment.Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear.Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses.