Cu-Nb microcomposite wire was successfully prepared by a groove rolling process. The effects of groove rolling on the diffraction peaks, microstructure, and properties of the Cu-Nb microcomposite were investigated and the microstructure evolutions and strengthening mechanism were discussed. The tensile strength of the Cu-Nb microcomposite wire with a diameter of 2.02 mm was greater than 1 GPa, and its conductivity reached 68%of the International Annealed Copper Standard, demonstrating the Cu-Nb microcomposite wire with high tensile strength and high conductivity after groove rolling. The results show that an appropriate groove rolling method can improve the performance of the Cu-Nb microcomposite wire.