1.Introduction
Formulating an optimal roadmap to realizing the goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality calls for a systemic analysis of mesoscale structures at multiple levels and of their gov-erning multi-objective mechanisms within different sectors and fields.However,the analyses currently available are mostly based on traditional approaches,which have not considered different levels of complexity and heterogeneity sufficiently,or have not accounted for multiple objectives sufficiently reasonably.In this perspective article,we attempt to figure out a new framework for dealing with this challenging issue within a totally different para-digm for multiscale complex systems,in which such a global chal-lenge and the paradigm shift in science need to be addressed jointly.