With the development of portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and power storage systems, the demand for rechargeable batteries with high energy density is growing rapidly [1-5].In the field of lithium-ion batteries, the unconventional anode materials such as tin, silicon, metallic lithium, and transition-metal oxides have been extensively studied due to the high capacity, but they are still inapplicable because of the low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) and/or the poor cycling stability [5-9].