Nanoscience and nanotechnology have a history of nearly a decade-long intensive development. Since National Nanotechnology initiation of USA (in the year 2000), many important progresses have been made in this multidisciplinary field around the world. The Chinese scientists have also made many important con-tributions to the promotion of nanoscience in this period, especially in the nanomaterial field. To introduce the major achievements by Chinese scientists in the nanomaterial field, "Science in China Series G: Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy' editorial board has invited a number of the major players in the research of nanomaterials in China to contribute to this special issue. We also hope that the publication of this issue could further promote the research on nanomaterials in China. The papers in this issue are authored mostly by the scientists who have taken active parts in the national key basic research "Nanoscience Plan" and/or in the project "Nanomaterials and Nanostructures" supported by the State Key Development Program for Basic Research of China. However, this issue only represents a fraction of the progresses in this active field due to the page limit.