In the past decade,we have witnessed the rapid development of nanosciences,which have become interdisciplinary and are breaking the classical boundaries of science,technology,and engineering.For example,nanomaterials and nanotechnology have shown immense potential in green printing,energy,environmental remediation,biotechnology,medicine,development of functional materials,information technology,etc.;however,limitations in detection and analytical methods at the nanoscale hinder the progress of nanotechnology from basic research to practical application.The particulate form of nanoparticles indicates that most processes that govern the biomedical or toxicological functions of nanomaterials occur at the nano-bio interface (i.e.,the nanosurface and bio-interface).In addition to size,surface,surface charge,shape,etc.,the physicochemical properties play synergetic roles in the chemical mechanisms underlying the biomedical properties of nanomaterials.