Mammalian embryo development is initiated by intracellular Ca2+ oscillations that result in oocyte activation following gamete membrane fusion.It is widely believed that oocyte Ca2+ oscillations are triggered by a sperm-specific protein,phospholipase C-zeta (PLCζ) that activates InsP3 production leading to repetitive Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.However,a recent report in the FASEB Journal by Aarabi et al.challenges this view by proposing postacrosomal WW domain-binding protein (PAWP) as another sperm-derived protein that can also initiate Ca2+ oscillations and zygotic development at fertilization.Here we discuss these new findings and examine the evidence suggesting PAWP as the "real" sperm factor.