Much of the communication within biological systems occurs at the level of protein-protein interactions (PPIs).A quantitative understanding of the binding strengths of PPIs is thus essential to fundamentally understand many critical biological processes,providing the means for novel re-working of existing pathways in synthetic biology as well as novel therapeutic approaches against diseases.To date,most of the binding strengths of PPIs have been determined in an individualistic case-by-case basis,and thus only a minor fraction of the total PPIs that occur within biological systems has been elucidated.This limitation is primarily owing to the lack of techniques that can rapidly evaluate the strength of PPIs among hundreds to thousands of proteins in a single experimental setting.