With the concurrent successes of lithium-ion batteries,supercapacitors and fuel cells during the last two decades,electrochemical devices that convert and store electric energy through chemical reactions have played a vital role in powering the modem industry.Driven by a raising demand from the emerging energy-dependent industries such as grid and electric automobiles,the pursuit of electrochemical power sources with higher energy density and efficiency,and better economic sustainability is always one of the most attractive topics in the field of chemistry for this century and beyond.