摘要:
Thermomechanical,physical,and chemical processes in energetic materials(EMs)during manufacturing and processing or under external stimuli such as shock compression,involve multiple temporal and spa-tial scales.Discovering novel phenomena,acquiring new data,and understanding underlying mecha-nisms all require temporally and spatially resolved diagnostics.Here,we present a brief review of novel diagnostics that are either emerging or have existed but rarely been applied to EMs,including two-dimensional(2D)and three-dimensional(3D)X-ray imaging,X-ray diffraction,coherent X-ray diffraction imaging,small angle X-ray scattering,terahertz and optical absorption/emission spectroscopy,and one-dimensional(1D)and 2D laser-based velocity/displacement interferometry.Typical spatial scales involved are lattice(nanometer and.micrometer)and typical temporal scales(femtosecond,picosecond,nanosecond,microsecond,and millisecond).The targeted scientific questions and engineer-ing problems include defects,strengths,deformations,hot spots,phase changes,reactions,and shock sen-sitivities.Basic principles of measurement and data analysis,and illustrative examples of these are presented.Advanced measurements and experimental complexities also necessitate further development in corresponding data analysis and interpretation methodologies,and multiscale modeling.