Stem cell transplantation holds a promising future for central nervous system repair.Current chal-lenges,however,include spatially and temporally defined cell differentiation and maturation,plus the integration of transplanted neural cells into host circuits.Here we discuss the potential advantages of neuromodulation-based stem cell therapy,which can improve the viability and prolif-eration of stem cells,guide migration to the repair site,orchestrate the differentiation process,and promote the integration of neural circuitry for functional rehabilitation.All these advantages of neuromodulation make it one potentially valuable tool for further improving the effi-ciency of stem cell transplantation.