Characterization of materials and devices is fundamental to the understanding of structure-property relationship and im-proving device performance.Driven by the rapid progress achieved in semiconductors research,advanced characteriza-tion techniques at high spatial resolution are being de-veloped,with the capability to reveal microstructures down to atomic or sub-atomic scale.Coupled with in-situ and in-op-erando techniques,responses of materials and devices under multiple external stimuli can be investigated at both high spa-tial resolution and high time resolution,providing in-depth un-derstanding of the growth,reaction,defects evolution and de-gradation mechanism etc.with unprecedented details.